Real-time media depends on delay, jitter, loss, reordering, bitrate adaptation, keyframe recovery, A/V synchronization and handovers. A brief stall may involve wireless switching, upstream congestion, RTP loss, RTCP feedback, SIP/SDP negotiation, TURN/media relay changes or server limits.
RTP/RTCP in RFC 3550 provides transport, timestamps, sequence numbers and quality feedback. SDP in RFC 8866 describes sessions, while WebRTC standardizes real-time media/data. Tests must examine media, signaling, networks and QoE together, not bandwidth alone.
For conferencing, classes, telemedicine, live interaction, dispatch, contact centers, cloud meetings and RTC SDKs. Combine repeatable impairment profiles, load, PCAP replay and passive analysis to distinguish link, endpoint, media-server, signaling, codec and QoS causes.